{"id":1071,"date":"2020-01-18T13:09:29","date_gmt":"2020-01-18T12:09:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/slowtechinstitute.org\/?page_id=1071"},"modified":"2020-11-09T22:32:10","modified_gmt":"2020-11-09T21:32:10","slug":"televize-a-deti-do-tri-let","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/slowtechinstitute.org\/en\/televize-a-deti-do-tri-let\/","title":{"rendered":"Televize a d\u011bti do t\u0159\u00ed let"},"content":{"rendered":"

V n\u011bkter\u00fdch rodin\u00e1ch hraje televize centr\u00e1ln\u00ed roli, v jin\u00fdch naprosto \u017e\u00e1dnou. Ve v\u0161ech rodin\u00e1ch se v\u0161ak d\u0159\u00edve nebo pozd\u011bji za\u010dne \u0159e\u0161it ot\u00e1zka d\u011btsk\u00fdch po\u0159ad\u016f a toho, na co, kdy, jak dlouho a zda-li v\u016fbec, by se d\u00edt\u011b m\u011blo na televizi d\u00edvat.<\/p>\n

V\u011bt\u0161ina odborn\u00edk\u016f doporu\u010duje nepou\u0161t\u011bt d\u011btem do 2 let \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 televizn\u00ed po\u0159ady a videa, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 poznamenat, \u017ee do minul\u00fdch dek\u00e1d ani televizn\u00ed obsah pro mlad\u0161\u00ed d\u011bti tvo\u0159en nebyl. Dnes mohou i batolata sledovat \u0161irokou \u0161k\u00e1lu po\u0159ad\u016f zahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed Teletubbies (c\u00edlen\u00e9 na d\u011bti od 12ti m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f), ale i kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 videa slibuj\u00edc\u00ed verb\u00e1ln\u00ed rozvoj.<\/p>\n

Jak je to s u\u010den\u00edm d\u011bt\u00ed z obrazovky?<\/strong><\/h3>\n

St\u00e1le nen\u00ed jist\u00e9, jak to s u\u010den\u00edm z obrazovky u batolat je, ale zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee nap\u0159. dvoulet\u00e9 d\u011bti maj\u00ed probl\u00e9m propojit si d\u011bn\u00ed v 2D sv\u011bte na obrazovce s vlastn\u00ed realitou. Nap\u0159. pokud takov\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b sleduje na videu, jak byla schov\u00e1na jeho obl\u00edben\u00e1 hra\u010dka pod lavi\u010dku na zahrad\u011b p\u0159ed domem, nebude j\u00ed schopn\u00e9 naj\u00edt. Pokud ale situaci sleduje p\u0159es okno, najde j\u00ed bez sebemen\u0161\u00edch probl\u00e9m\u016f. Je tedy z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee nem\u016f\u017eeme s jistotou usuzovat na to, do jak\u00e9 m\u00edry d\u00edt\u011b d\u011bj na obrazovce ch\u00e1pe a co z toho je schopno rozumov\u011b zpracovat a vyu\u017e\u00edt.<\/p>\n

V jednom z v\u00fdzkum\u016f byly srovn\u00e1v\u00e1ny efekty n\u011bkter\u00fdch d\u011btsk\u00fdch po\u0159ad\u016f na verb\u00e1ln\u00ed u\u010den\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed ve v\u011bku 30 m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f. Po\u0159ady typu klasick\u00fdch kreslen\u00fdch poh\u00e1dek nevedly k \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9mu v\u00fdrazn\u00e9mu u\u010den\u00ed slov, Teletubbies vedly dokonce k hor\u0161\u00edmu verb\u00e1ln\u00edmu projevu. Nejlep\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdsledky m\u011bly po\u0159ady typu Dora pr\u016fzkumnice (v anglick\u00e9m origin\u00e1lu Dora the Explorer), kde v animovan\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed sedmilet\u00e1 hol\u010di\u010dka aktivn\u011b vyz\u00fdv\u00e1 d\u011bti k opakov\u00e1n\u00ed slov, pojmenov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bc\u00ed a v\u0161e s \u00fasm\u011bvem minim\u00e1ln\u011b 10kr\u00e1t zopakuje \ud83d\ude09 Na zlep\u0161en\u00ed tzv. expresivn\u00edho jazyka \u2013 vyjad\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00fdch pocit\u016f, ale i spr\u00e1vnou gramatickou skladbu \u2013 pak m\u011bly pozitivn\u00ed vliv po\u0159ady typu Sezame, otev\u0159i se (v origin\u00e1le Sesame street) \u2013 v \u010desk\u00e9m kontextu bychom mohli p\u0159ipodobnit nap\u0159. programu Kosti\u010dky, kde dosp\u011bl\u00fd herec nebo herec v kost\u00fdmu p\u0159es obrazovku s d\u00edt\u011btem \u201caktivn\u011b komunikuje\u201d.<\/p>\n

Americk\u00e1 pediatrick\u00e1 asociace (AAP, propojuj\u00edc\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u011bdce a d\u011btsk\u00e9 l\u00e9ka\u0159e) v roce 1999 doporu\u010dila rodi\u010d\u016fm d\u011bt\u00ed do 2 let nevystavovat sv\u00e9 ratolesti jak\u00e9mukoliv televizn\u00edmu, audiovizu\u00e1ln\u00edmu nebo multimedi\u00e1ln\u00edmu obsahu (u d\u011bt\u00ed star\u0161\u00edch ne\u017e dva roky pak doporu\u010dovala omezit takov\u00fd \u010das na maxim\u00e1ln\u011b dv\u011b hodiny denn\u011b). Francouzsk\u00e9 ministerstvo kultury a komunikace dokonce v roce 2008 vydalo stanovisko, \u017ee sledov\u00e1n\u00ed televize d\u011btmi do 3 let m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k hor\u0161\u00edmu verb\u00e1ln\u00edmu u\u010den\u00ed, hyperaktivit\u011b, probl\u00e9m\u016fm se sp\u00e1nkem a koncentrac\u00ed. Je t\u0159eba podotknout, \u017ee takov\u00e1 radik\u00e1ln\u00ed stanoviska nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt v\u017edy spojen\u00e1 s t\u00edm, \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumy potvrdily mo\u017en\u00e9 probl\u00e9my s pozornost\u00ed apod., odborn\u00edci t\u00edm \u010dasto nazna\u010duj\u00ed i to, \u017ee prvn\u00ed t\u0159i roky \u017eivota jsou v d\u011btsk\u00e9m rozumov\u00e9m a neurologick\u00e9m v\u00fdvoji naprosto z\u00e1sadn\u00ed a je v\u017edy lep\u0161\u00ed neochuzovat je o \u010das, kter\u00fd by mohly str\u00e1vit interakc\u00ed s dosp\u011bl\u00fdm, je\u017e je samoz\u0159ejm\u011b pro verb\u00e1ln\u00ed a ve\u0161ker\u00e9 ostatn\u00ed u\u010den\u00ed nejz\u00e1sadn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Proto se v\u017edy p\u0159ed t\u00edm, ne\u017e kliknete na \u0161ipku Play, ptejte \u201cKdyby se te\u010f moje d\u00edt\u011b ned\u00edvalo na video, jak bychom \u010das tr\u00e1vili?\u201d Z vlastn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti v\u00edm, \u017ee ne v\u017edy je druh\u00e1 alternativa plnohodnotnou n\u00e1hradou, ale nem\u011blo by se to st\u00e1t v\u00fdmluvou, d\u00edt\u011b dok\u00e1\u017ee kr\u00e1sn\u011b pom\u00e1hat i p\u0159i va\u0159en\u00ed, \u00faklidu, p\u00e9\u010di o druh\u00e9 (\u010di t\u0159et\u00ed nebo \u010dtvrt\u00e9) miminko.<\/p>\n

Pro\u010d m\u016f\u017ee televize zp\u016fsobovat probl\u00e9my?<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Dr. Christakis se v\u011bnuje mo\u017en\u00fdm dlouhodob\u00fdm efekt\u016fm sledov\u00e1n\u00ed televize u d\u011bt\u00ed. N\u011bkter\u00e9 z jeho studi\u00ed potvrdily nap\u0159., \u017ee sledov\u00e1n\u00ed televize p\u0159ed t\u0159et\u00edm rokem m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k probl\u00e9m\u016fm se \u010dten\u00edm a porozum\u011bn\u00edm textu ve \u0161koln\u00edm v\u011bku. U probl\u00e9m\u016f s pozornost\u00ed a hyperaktivitou (\u010dasto rodi\u010di spojovan\u00fdmi s p\u0159\u00edli\u0161n\u00fdm sledov\u00e1n\u00edm televize a hran\u00edm videoher) nebyly v\u00fdsledky tak p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u00e9 a jsou dodnes mnoha v\u00fdzkumn\u00edky diskutov\u00e1ny.<\/p>\n

Za nejv\u00edce \u201c\u0161kodliv\u00e9\u201d jsou u televizn\u00edch po\u0159ad\u016f pova\u017eov\u00e1ny rychl\u00e9 a \u010dast\u00e9 st\u0159ihy a vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed efekty, kter\u00e9 v d\u011btsk\u00e9m mozku vedou k v\u00edce ne\u017e zdrav\u00e9 stimulaci. D\u00e1le pak kombinace pohybuj\u00edc\u00edch se obr\u00e1zk\u016f, chytlav\u00e9 melodie a mluven\u00e9ho slova \u2013 to v\u0161e zahlcuje v\u0161echny kan\u00e1ly vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed a d\u00edt\u011b nen\u00ed schopno plnohodnotn\u011b vyhodnotit ani jeden z nich.<\/p>\n

Co tedy doporu\u010dit?<\/strong><\/h3>\n

T\u011b\u017eko \u0159\u00edci p\u0159esn\u00fd v\u011bk, odkdy by d\u00edt\u011b mohlo sledovat co \u2026star\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ed\u0161kol\u00e1ky bude v\u00edce zaj\u00edmat p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh, mlad\u0161\u00ed d\u011bti pak zaj\u00edmaj\u00ed nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed elementy, kter\u00e9 v\u00e1s mohou p\u0159ekvapit pozd\u011bji p\u0159i h\u0159e: t\u0159eba nov\u00e9 slovo, pop\u011bvek, melodie, pohyb, nebo interakce postavi\u010dek z obrazovky atd.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Do t\u0159\u00ed s m\u00edrou<\/strong>
    \nDo t\u0159\u00ed let se sna\u017ete sledov\u00e1n\u00ed vide\u00ed nahradit plnohodnotnou aktivitou s dosp\u011bl\u00fdm nebo dal\u0161\u00edmi d\u011btmi.<\/li>\n
  2. Vypn\u011bte televizi, pokud se na ni nikdo ned\u00edv\u00e1<\/strong>
    \nTelevize jako podkres d\u00edt\u011bti jen odv\u00e1d\u00ed pozornost od v\u00e1s a hry. Pokud po\u0159ad nen\u00ed ur\u010den pro d\u00edt\u011b, nem\u00e1 smysl, aby se na n\u011bj d\u00edvalo. Nav\u00edc p\u0159esn\u011b vymezen\u00e9 hranice a \u010das jsou pro n\u011bj jen zdrav\u00fdm pou\u010den\u00edm do budoucna.<\/li>\n
  3. Poh\u00e1dka po\u010dk\u00e1<\/strong>
    \nMen\u0161\u00ed d\u011bti ocen\u00ed jednoduch\u00e9 po\u0159ady, kde se pojmenov\u00e1vaj\u00ed v\u011bci, kter\u00e9 jsou mu zn\u00e1m\u00e9 z okol\u00ed. Star\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ed\u0161kol\u00e1ky u\u017e budou bavit poh\u00e1dky s p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhem a n\u011bco si z nich odnesou.<\/li>\n
  4. Simulovan\u00e1 interakce<\/strong>
    \nD\u00edt\u011b se z obrazovky u\u010d\u00ed l\u00e9pe, pokud s n\u00edm postavi\u010dky komunikuj\u00ed a vyz\u00fdvaj\u00ed ho k pojmenov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bc\u00ed, ukazov\u00e1n\u00ed, zp\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed, nebo tanci.<\/li>\n
  5. D\u00edt\u011b vs. dosp\u011bl\u00fd<\/strong>
    \nPokud m\u00e1te na v\u00fdb\u011br, up\u0159ednost\u0148ujte takov\u00e9 po\u0159ady, kde postavi\u010dky p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed dosp\u011bl\u00e9ho a d\u00edt\u011b, d\u011bti se z takov\u00e9 interakce u\u010d\u00ed l\u00e9pe ne\u017e z interakce mezi d\u011btsk\u00fdmi postavami.<\/li>\n
  6. Opakov\u00e1n\u00ed, matka moudrosti<\/strong>
    \nNebojte se pustit stejn\u00fd program n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t za sebou. I ty nejl\u00e9pe oce\u0148ovan\u00e9 po\u0159ady nevedly k v\u00fdznamn\u00e9mu u\u010den\u00ed p\u0159i jednom shl\u00e9dnut\u00ed. A nav\u00edc uvid\u00edte, \u017ee d\u00edt\u011b uv\u00edt\u00e1 zn\u00e1m\u00e9 postavi\u010dky, prost\u0159ed\u00ed i d\u011bj sp\u00ed\u0161e, je\u017e p\u0159ehr\u0161el nov\u00fdch dobrodru\u017estv\u00ed.<\/li>\n
  7. D\u00edvejte se spole\u010dn\u011b<\/strong>
    \nOt\u00e1zkami a dovysv\u011btlov\u00e1n\u00edm doc\u00edl\u00edte toho, \u017ee se d\u00edt\u011b soust\u0159ed\u00ed na ten \u201cdobr\u00fd\u201d obsah. A tak\u00e9 zabr\u00e1n\u00edte probl\u00e9m\u016fm typu, \u017ee z obrazovky se opakuje slovo \u017eidle doprov\u00e1zeno kr\u00e1sn\u00fdm obr\u00e1zkem barevn\u00e9 \u017eidli\u010dky, ale d\u00edt\u011b zrovna zaujat\u011b sleduje sv\u016fj kel\u00edmek s nedojeden\u00fdm jogurtem.<\/li>\n
  8. Telka jako n\u00e1vod ke h\u0159e<\/strong>
    \nPov\u00eddejte a hrajte si o tom, co d\u00edt\u011b vid\u011blo na obrazovce.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Autor: Michaela Slussareff<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

    ","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    V n\u011bkter\u00fdch rodin\u00e1ch hraje televize centr\u00e1ln\u00ed roli, v jin\u00fdch naprosto \u017e\u00e1dnou. Ve v\u0161ech rodin\u00e1ch se v\u0161ak d\u0159\u00edve nebo pozd\u011bji za\u010dne \u0159e\u0161it ot\u00e1zka d\u011btsk\u00fdch po\u0159ad\u016f a toho, na co, kdy, jak dlouho a zda-li v\u016fbec, by se d\u00edt\u011b m\u011blo na televizi d\u00edvat. V\u011bt\u0161ina odborn\u00edk\u016f doporu\u010duje nepou\u0161t\u011bt d\u011btem do 2 let \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 televizn\u00ed po\u0159ady a videa, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 poznamenat, \u017ee do…<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1062,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"my-templates\/template-fullwidth.php","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/slowtechinstitute.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1071"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/slowtechinstitute.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/slowtechinstitute.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/slowtechinstitute.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/slowtechinstitute.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1071"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/slowtechinstitute.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1071\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1334,"href":"https:\/\/slowtechinstitute.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1071\/revisions\/1334"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/slowtechinstitute.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1062"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/slowtechinstitute.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1071"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}