{"id":1109,"date":"2020-02-10T15:57:49","date_gmt":"2020-02-10T14:57:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/slowtechinstitute.org\/?page_id=1109"},"modified":"2023-02-04T17:30:04","modified_gmt":"2023-02-04T16:30:04","slug":"5-vedeckych-studii-ktere-byste-meli-znat-predtim-nez-detem-predstavite-tablet","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/slowtechinstitute.org\/en\/5-vedeckych-studii-ktere-byste-meli-znat-predtim-nez-detem-predstavite-tablet\/","title":{"rendered":"5 v\u011bdeck\u00fdch studi\u00ed, kter\u00e9 byste m\u011bli zn\u00e1t p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e d\u011btem p\u0159edstav\u00edte tablet"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u00e9dia i v\u011bdeck\u00e1 komunita dnes st\u00e1le \u010dast\u011bji hovo\u0159\u00ed o probl\u00e9mech, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161et pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed dotykov\u00fdch obrazovek u t\u011bch nejmen\u0161\u00edch. Proto\u017ee tyto technologie se do rodin roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ily pom\u011brn\u011b ned\u00e1vno, je v\u00fdzkum dopad\u016f na d\u011btsk\u00fd v\u00fdvoj st\u00e1le je\u0161t\u011b v plenk\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Ned\u00e1vno se do m\u00e9di\u00ed dostaly dv\u011b nov\u00e9 v\u011bdeck\u00e9 studie zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se vlivy tablet\u016f a chytr\u00fdch telefon\u016f na v\u00fdvoj batolat a p\u0159ed\u0161kol\u00e1k\u016f. \u0160lo o kanadskou studii Pediatrick\u00e9 akademick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti (PAS) hovo\u0159\u00edc\u00ed o tom, \u017ee d\u011bti, kter\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed tablety a smartphony p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mnoho \u010dasu p\u0159ed jejich druh\u00fdmi narozeninami, mohou trp\u011bt zpomalen\u00fdm v\u00fdvojem \u0159e\u010di. Druh\u00e1 studie z Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nie zase nach\u00e1z\u00ed souvislosti mezi pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm dotykov\u00fdch obrazovek a hor\u0161\u00edm sp\u00e1nkem d\u011bt\u00ed do 3 let.<\/p>\n

V t\u00e9to souvislosti je t\u0159eba p\u0159ipomenout, \u017ee na toto\u017en\u00fdch z\u00e1v\u011brech se v\u011bdci u\u017e d\u00e1vno shodli u spole\u010densky vcelku \u0161iroce akceptovan\u00e9 televize, a\u0165 u\u017e jde o jej\u00ed aktivn\u00ed sledov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011btmi, nebo tzv. televize na pozad\u00ed, pu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 jako dom\u00e1c\u00ed kulisu. Poj\u010fme se tedy pod\u00edvat na v\u00fdzkumy sleduj\u00edc\u00ed vliv m\u00e9di\u00ed na kojence, batolata a p\u0159ed\u0161kol\u00e1ky:<\/p>\n

Souvislosti mezi typem obsahu konzumovan\u00fdm mal\u00fdmi d\u011btmi a pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi poruchami pozornosti (D. A. Christakis, F. J. Zimmerman, 2007)<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Tato studie se zam\u011b\u0159ovala na typ sledovan\u00fdch televizn\u00edch po\u0159ad\u016f d\u011btmi do 3 let. V n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch p\u011bti letech v\u011bdci tyto d\u011bti sledovali a hledali mo\u017en\u00e9 souvislosti s rozvojem poruch pozornosti. V\u00fdsledky tehdy odhalily, \u017ee sledov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011btsk\u00fdch vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edch program\u016f v televizi p\u0159ed dosa\u017een\u00edm t\u0159\u00ed let v\u011bku nebylo o p\u011bt let pozd\u011bji p\u0159\u00edmo spojen\u00e9 s poruchami pozornostmi. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, sledov\u00e1n\u00ed b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch z\u00e1bavn\u00edch po\u0159ad\u016f, a\u0165 u\u017e n\u00e1siln\u00fdch nebo nen\u00e1siln\u00fdch, p\u0159ed t\u0159et\u00edm rokem \u017eivota bylo v\u00fdznamn\u011b spojeno s n\u00e1sledn\u00fdmi probl\u00e9my s pozornost\u00ed. Tato studie v\u0161ak p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed informaci o zaj\u00edmav\u00e9m v\u011bkov\u00e9m p\u0159elomu, a to u d\u011bt\u00ed od \u010dty\u0159 nebo p\u011bti let, kde nem\u011bl typ sledovan\u00e9ho obsahu na pozornost vliv. Jak vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed, tak z\u00e1bavn\u00e9 po\u0159ady sledovan\u00e9 v tomto v\u011bku nebyly spojeno s n\u00e1sledn\u00fdmi probl\u00e9my.<\/p>\n

Denn\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed dotykov\u00e9 obrazovky u kojenc\u016f a batolat je spojeno s krat\u0161\u00edm sp\u00e1nkem a pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edm us\u00edn\u00e1n\u00edm (C. H. M. Cheung, R. Bedford, I. R. S. De Urabain, A. Karmiloff-Smith, T. J. Smith, 2017)<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Jde o v \u00favodu zm\u00edn\u011bnou studii, je\u017e ve zkratce potvrzuje z\u00e1v\u011bry u\u010din\u011bn\u00e9 o ran\u00e9m sledov\u00e1n\u00ed televize a roz\u0161i\u0159uje je na tablety a chytr\u00e9 telefony. D\u011bti ve v\u011bku 6 \u2013 36 m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f, kter\u00e9 pravideln\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvaly tablety a chytr\u00e9 telefony, vykazovaly hor\u0161\u00ed kvalitu i d\u00e9lku sp\u00e1nku. Auto\u0159i v \u010dl\u00e1nku mj. shrnuj\u00ed \u010dty\u0159i nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed aspekty, je\u017e mohou tyto probl\u00e9my zp\u016fsobovat. Za prv\u00e9, elektronick\u00e1 m\u00e9dia mohou p\u0159\u00edmo kr\u00e1st \u010das, kter\u00fd maj\u00ed d\u011bti na sp\u00e1nek. To vede k pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu us\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed a ke zkr\u00e1cen\u00ed doby no\u010dn\u00edho sp\u00e1nku. Za druh\u00e9, obsah m\u00e9di\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee d\u011bti psychicky a fyzicky nabudit, co\u017e jim v klidn\u00e9m us\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nepom\u00e1h\u00e1. Za t\u0159et\u00ed, modr\u00e9 sv\u011btlo, kter\u00e9 obrazovky vyza\u0159uj\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee potla\u010dovat tvorbu melatoninu, kter\u00fd ovliv\u0148uje kvalitu sp\u00e1nku, zdrav\u00e9 funkce organizmu a zvy\u0161uje riziko vzniku r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f rakoviny. Melatonin je tzv. hormon tmy, proto\u017ee se tvo\u0159\u00ed s jej\u00edm n\u00e1stupem, jasn\u00e9 modr\u00e9 sv\u011btlo tak mate na\u0161e t\u011blo a nedovoluje mu melatonin tvo\u0159it. Za \u010dtvrt\u00e9, ur\u010dit\u00e9 d\u011bdi\u010dn\u00e9 rysy, jako je emocion\u00e1ln\u00ed labilita nebo hyperaktivita, vysoce souvisej\u00ed s rodinn\u00fdm prost\u0159ed\u00edm. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee kojenci a batolata v takov\u00fdch rodin\u00e1ch maj\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e nepravideln\u00fd sp\u00e1nkov\u00fd rytmus a \u010dast\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed m\u00e9dia, doba jejich sp\u00e1nku b\u00fdv\u00e1 krat\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Brzk\u00fd v\u00fdvoj jemn\u00e9 motoriky u batolat pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edch dotykov\u00e9 technologie (R. Bedford, I. R. S. De Urabain, C. H. M. Cheung, A. Karmiloff-Smith, T. J. Smith, 2016)<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Stejn\u00fd t\u00fdm jako u p\u0159edchoz\u00ed studie p\u0159inesl v lo\u0148sk\u00e9m roce pozitivn\u00ed zpr\u00e1vu o ran\u00e9m pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed dotykov\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, resp. \u201cscrollov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201d a rychlej\u0161\u00edmu v\u00fdvoji jemn\u00e9 motoriky u batolat. Skupinu pozorovan\u00fdch tvo\u0159ili op\u011bt kojenci a batolata ve v\u011bku 6 \u2013 36 m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f. Ti, kte\u0159\u00ed d\u0159\u00edve dostali mo\u017enost nau\u010dit se \u201cscrollovat\u201d, rychleji rozv\u00edjeli jemnou motoriku nap\u0159. p\u0159i skl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed kostek. Krom\u011b v\u00fdvoje jemn\u00e9 motoriky se t\u00fdm zaj\u00edmal i o hrubou motoriku a prim\u00e1rn\u00ed jazykov\u00fd v\u00fdvoj (kdy d\u00edt\u011b tvo\u0159\u00ed dvouslovn\u00e1 spojen\u00ed a prvn\u00ed v\u011bty), zde v\u0161ak nena\u0161el \u017e\u00e1dnou, ani pozitivn\u00ed nebo negativn\u00ed spojitost.<\/p>\n

Je pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed mobiln\u00edch obrazovek spojen\u00e9 se zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00edm jazykov\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje kojenc\u016f? ( J. Ma, M. van den Heuvel, J. Maguire, P. Parkin, C. Birken, 2017)<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Tuto v\u00fdzkumnou ot\u00e1zku si kanadsk\u00fd t\u00fdm polo\u017eil op\u011bt v n\u00e1vaznosti na data z p\u0159edchoz\u00edch v\u00fdzkum\u016f o sledov\u00e1n\u00ed televize u d\u011bt\u00ed. \u010c\u00edm v\u00edce televize d\u00edt\u011b sleduje, t\u00edm pomalej\u0161\u00ed jeho jazykov\u00fd v\u00fdvoj m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt. Nov\u00e1 studie se zam\u011b\u0159ila na kojence a batolata ve v\u011bku 6 \u2013 24 m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f. Ve vzorku v\u00edce ne\u017e 1000 d\u011bt\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvala pravideln\u011b p\u011btina z nich tablet, a to v pr\u016fm\u011bru necelou p\u016fl hodinu denn\u011b. Tato skupinka pak oproti t\u011bm, co tablet nepou\u017e\u00edvaly, vykazovala zv\u00fd\u0161enou m\u00edru verb\u00e1ln\u00edch v\u00fdvojov\u00fdch poruch. Bohu\u017eel studie nesledovala, jak\u00fd typ aplikac\u00ed d\u011bti pou\u017e\u00edvaly a zda je p\u0159i hran\u00ed sleduje nebo doprov\u00e1z\u00ed dosp\u011bl\u00fd, co\u017e jsou obecn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 faktory v minimalizaci v\u00fdvojov\u00fdch rizik.<\/p>\n

Limity d\u011btsk\u00e9 pam\u011bti p\u0159i u\u010den\u00ed se z obr\u00e1zkov\u00fdch knih, televize a dotykov\u00fdch obrazovek (R. Barr, 2013)<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Tato studie shrnuje dosavadn\u00ed v\u00fdzkum fenom\u00e9nu nazvan\u00e9ho video deficit, kter\u00fd p\u0159etrv\u00e1v\u00e1 u d\u011bt\u00ed do v\u011bku dvou a\u017e dvou a p\u016fl let. Ten popisuje vcelku b\u011b\u017en\u00fd fakt, \u017ee d\u00edt\u011b v tomto v\u011bku nen\u00ed schopno transponovat d\u011bn\u00ed na obr\u00e1zc\u00edch nebo obrazovce do re\u00e1ln\u00e9ho \u017eivota, v\u011bdomosti tak nen\u00ed schopn\u00e9 d\u00e1le vyu\u017e\u00edt, jsou pro n\u011bj p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 a abstraktn\u00ed. Video deficit se t\u00fdk\u00e1 televize, dotykov\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed, ale i obr\u00e1zkov\u00fdch knih. K zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00ed tohoto probl\u00e9mu m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159isp\u011bt \u0159ada faktor\u016f, jako pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed obsahu, kter\u00fd je d\u00edt\u011bti zn\u00e1m\u00fd z p\u0159edchoz\u00edch zku\u0161enost\u00ed, opakov\u00e1n\u00ed a koment\u00e1\u0159e rodi\u010d\u016f, ukazov\u00e1n\u00ed, vysv\u011btlov\u00e1n\u00ed. Obecn\u011b napom\u00e1h\u00e1 i re\u00e1ln\u00e1 grafika \u2013 video nebo fotografie.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011brem je t\u0159eba zopakovat \u2013 podobn\u00e9 efekty, jako dotykov\u00e9 technologie m\u00e1 sledov\u00e1n\u00ed televize a vide\u00ed. A d\u00e1le, \u017ee z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed nejen na \u010dase, kter\u00fd d\u011bti u m\u00e9di\u00ed tr\u00e1v\u00ed, ale i na obsahu, jejich v\u011bku a zp\u016fsobu rodi\u010dovsk\u00e9 intervence. Spole\u010dn\u00e9 hran\u00ed a hran\u00ed kvalitn\u00edch aplikac\u00ed m\u00e1 prok\u00e1zan\u00e9 pozitivn\u00ed vlivy na d\u011btsk\u00e9 u\u010den\u00ed \u2013 nap\u0159. u\u010den\u00ed nov\u00fdch slov, numerick\u00fdch a technick\u00fdch koncept\u016f. V\u00edce o tom, jak (ne)pou\u017e\u00edvat dotykov\u00e9 aplikace naleznete v na\u0161em \u010dl\u00e1nku Dotykov\u00e9 aplikace pro ty nejmen\u0161\u00ed \u2013 kdy, jak a pro\u010d ano nebo ne?<\/p>\n

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M\u00e9dia i v\u011bdeck\u00e1 komunita dnes st\u00e1le \u010dast\u011bji hovo\u0159\u00ed o probl\u00e9mech, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161et pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed dotykov\u00fdch obrazovek u t\u011bch nejmen\u0161\u00edch. Proto\u017ee tyto technologie se do rodin roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ily pom\u011brn\u011b ned\u00e1vno, je v\u00fdzkum dopad\u016f na d\u011btsk\u00fd v\u00fdvoj st\u00e1le je\u0161t\u011b v plenk\u00e1ch. Ned\u00e1vno se do m\u00e9di\u00ed dostaly dv\u011b nov\u00e9 v\u011bdeck\u00e9 studie zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se vlivy tablet\u016f a chytr\u00fdch telefon\u016f na v\u00fdvoj batolat a p\u0159ed\u0161kol\u00e1k\u016f. \u0160lo…<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":960,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"my-templates\/template-fullwidth.php","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/slowtechinstitute.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1109"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/slowtechinstitute.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/slowtechinstitute.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/slowtechinstitute.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/slowtechinstitute.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1109"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"http:\/\/slowtechinstitute.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1109\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1489,"href":"http:\/\/slowtechinstitute.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1109\/revisions\/1489"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/slowtechinstitute.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/960"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/slowtechinstitute.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1109"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}